Tibet

Tibet was a sovereign nation for hundreds of years prior to the Chinese occupation of 1949/50. Today the Tibetan cultural area makes up 25% of Chinese geographical territory. Once the juncture of Ladakh, Kashmir, Mustang, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, India, Bengal, Mongolia and China, Tibet despite its forbidding geography had cultural, linguistic, economic, and political relations with each one of those states and despite times when it held an inferior feudal position with regard to China -- the famous patron/client arrangement -- a majority of historians agree that Tibet was for centuries an independent country, thought it was rarely centralized. As recently as 1918, a Chinese army was repulsed from the Kham border.

Tibetans in india:
In 1959 the 14th Dalai Lama, the spiritual and temporal leader of the people of Tibet, fled to India having been unable to negotiate a peaceful coexistence with China. In India, he established a government-in-exile in the Himalayan town of Dharamsala. Over the subsequent 40-plus years other Tibetans have left Tibet and settled throughout India and Nepal, and smaller numbers have emigrated to North America and Europe. The degree to which Tibetans seized on culture as a focus for their new identities is striking. The establishment of cultural institutions that would maintain and strengthen traditional Tibetan culture was a high priority for the refugees.